Possible causes: Overloading, toxic substances, low pH, low temperature, or nutrient deficiencies.

Remove or dilute toxic substances.

Ensure sufficient nutrient supplementation, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

Increase the organic loading rate within the system's capacity.

Enhance biomass activity through the addition of microbial cultures or acclimatization.

Reduce the organic loading rate gradually to prevent shock loading.

Control filamentous bacteria growth through appropriate sludge retention time or physical methods like foam removal devices.

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